General Science One Liners for Competitive Exams 2026

Everyday Science one liner - Current Science, Technology Events and General Awareness in Science

1. Current Space, Astronomy and Deep-Tech Missions

• On which historic date did ISRO's Chandrayaan-3 achieve a soft landing near the lunar south pole? - August 23, 2023
• What official name was designated for the touchdown landing site of Chandrayaan-3 on the Moon? - Shiv Shakti Point
• What national commemorative day was instituted in India on August 23 to mark the landing of Chandrayaan-3? - National Space Day
• Which heavy-lift launch vehicle successfully launched Chandrayaan-3 into orbit? - LVM3-M4
• What element was definitively confirmed in-situ on the lunar south-polar surface by the LIBS instrument on Pragyan rover? - Sulfur (S)
• What is the name of India's dedicated solar observation observatory mission placed at Lagrange Point 1 (L1)? - Aditya-L1
• Which launch vehicle successfully injected the Aditya-L1 spacecraft on September 2, 2023? - PSLV-C57
• What is the primary coronagraph science payload on Aditya-L1 designed to image the solar corona? - VELC (Visible Emission Line Coronagraph)
• What space observatory was launched by ISRO on January 1, 2024, to study celestial X-ray polarization? - XPoSat (X-ray Polarimeter Satellite)
• What was the dedicated technology demonstration mission by ISRO to master autonomous in-orbit spacecraft docking and undocking? - SPADEX (Space Docking Experiment)
• India became which number nation globally to successfully demonstrate autonomous in-orbit spacecraft docking? - Fourth Nation
• What is the name of India's planned indigenous crewed orbital space station in Low Earth Orbit? - Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS)
• What is the target year announced by the Government of India for operationalizing the first module of the Bharatiya Antariksh Station? - 2035
• What is the target year set by India for landing an Indian astronaut on the lunar surface? - 2040
• What is the name of the uncrewed human-flight test vehicle mission successfully demonstrated by ISRO in October 2023 for Gaganyaan? - TV-D1 (Test Vehicle Flight 1)
• What female-resembling humanoid robot was developed by ISRO for uncrewed Gaganyaan orbital test flights? - Vyommitra
• What is the name of the human-rated variant of the LVM3 rocket designed to launch Indian astronauts into orbit? - HLVM3 (Human-Rated LVM3)
• Who was selected as the prime Indian astronaut for the Axiom-4 (Ax-4) mission to the International Space Station? - Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla
• What joint NASA-ISRO radar satellite utilizes dual-frequency (L-band and S-band) SAR for global environmental mapping? - NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar)
• What is the name of India's sovereign satellite navigation system replacing civilian GPS across commercial transport? - NavIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation / IRNSS)
• What next-generation navigation satellite featuring an indigenous atomic clock was launched onboard GSLV-F12? - NVS-01
• What heavy communication satellite of NewSpace India Limited (NSIL) was launched aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket in late 2024? - GSAT-N2 (GSAT-20)
• What small satellite launch vehicle completed its development flights in August 2024 with the launch of EOS-08? - SSLV-D3
• What autonomous winged technology demonstrator completed runway landing trials under the RLV-LEX program? - Pushpak (RLV-TD)
• What was the first privately designed and developed sounding rocket launched in India by Skyroot Aerospace? - Vikram-S
• What 3D-printed semi-cryogenic rocket engine was developed and launched by Indian private space startup AgniKul Cosmos? - Agnibaan (powered by Agnilet engine)
• What planned future lunar mission by ISRO aims to collect and return soil samples from the Moon's south pole? - Chandrayaan-4
• What is the name of the joint ISRO-JAXA (Japan) lunar exploration mission planned to explore permanently shadowed polar craters? - LUPEX (Lunar Polar Exploration / Chandrayaan-5)
• What planetary orbiter mission is being planned by ISRO to study the atmosphere and surface chemistry of Venus? - Shukrayaan (Venus Orbiter Mission)
• What deep-ocean human submersible is being built under India's Deep Ocean Mission to dive to a depth of 6,000 meters? - MATSYA 6000 (under Samudrayaan Mission)
• What national mission was approved by the Union Cabinet to develop indigenous quantum computers, quantum communication, and quantum sensors? - National Quantum Mission (NQM)
• What is the basic unit of quantum information that exploits quantum superposition and entanglement? - Qubit (Quantum Bit)
• What state-of-the-art national supercomputing facility in Pune is ranked among the world's premier AI supercomputers? - PARAM Siddhi-AI
• What national supercomputing mission coordinates the deployment of indigenous high-performance computing clusters across IITs and C-DAC? - National Supercomputing Mission (NSM)
• What is the name of India's planned gravitational-wave observatory being constructed in Hingoli, Maharashtra? - LIGO-India
• What world-leading international particle physics laboratory operates the Large Hadron Collider (LHC)? - CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research)
• What space telescope launched by the European Space Agency (ESA) in 2023 creates a 3D cosmic map to investigate dark matter and dark energy? - Euclid Space Telescope
• What NASA mission returned the first pristine asteroid regolith sample from asteroid Bennu in September 2023? - OSIRIS-REx
• What NASA spacecraft launched in October 2023 is traveling to explore a metal-rich asteroid situated between Mars and Jupiter? - Psyche Mission
• What NASA mission launched in October 2024 is destined to investigate the habitability of Jupiter's ice-covered moon Europa? - Europa Clipper
• What historic space milestone occurred when private company Intuitive Machines' 'Odysseus' landed on the Moon in February 2024? - First Commercial Lunar Soft Landing
• What massive reusable heavy-lift rocket developed by SpaceX is the tallest and most powerful launch vehicle ever flown? - Starship
• What deep-space telescope launched in December 2021 observes the earliest galaxies using infrared instrumentation? - James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)
• What astronomical boundary around a black hole marks the threshold where escape velocity exceeds the speed of light? - Event Horizon
• What subatomic elementary particle confirmed at CERN in 2012 provides mass to other fundamental particles? - Higgs Boson ('God Particle')
• What is the name of India's autonomous single-window nodal agency established to license and support private space ventures? - IN-SPACe (Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Centre)
• What commercial and marketing enterprise under the Department of Space handles international satellite launch contracts? - NewSpace India Limited (NSIL)
• Where in Tamil Nadu is India establishing its dedicated second rocket launch complex for small satellite launch vehicles? - Kulasekarapattinam
• What national space regulatory policy was approved in 2023 to liberalize commercial satellite communications and remote sensing? - Indian Space Policy 2023
• What international treaty declaration led by the US for peaceful lunar and space exploration was formally signed by India in 2023? - Artemis Accords

2. Defense Technologies and Nuclear Energy Awareness

• What is the premier statutory defense research and development organization in India founded in 1958? - DRDO (Defence Research and Development Organisation)
• Where is the central headquarters of DRDO situated? - DRDO Bhawan, New Delhi
• Which indigenously developed Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) with a range $> 5,000\text{ km}$ was tested with MIRV technology? - Agni-V
• What advanced missile technology allows a single ballistic missile to deploy multiple independently targeted nuclear warheads? - MIRV (Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicle)
• What is the world's fastest supersonic cruise missile developed as a joint venture between India and Russia? - BrahMos
• From which two major rivers does the name 'BrahMos' originate? - Brahmaputra (India) and Moskva (Russia)
• What is the extended strike range of the modern air-launched and sea-launched variants of the BrahMos missile? - 450 to 500 km
• What short-range, surface-to-surface solid-fueled quasi-ballistic tactical missile was inducted by DRDO for border defense? - Pralay Missile
• What third-generation, 'fire-and-forget' anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) was indigenously developed by DRDO? - Nag Missile
• What is the helicopter-launched air-to-surface variant of the Nag anti-tank missile called? - Helina (Dhruvastra)
• What medium-range surface-to-air missile (SAM) defense system was indigenously developed by DRDO and deployed by the IAF? - Akash Missile System (Akash-NG / Akash Prime)
• What long-range air defense missile system was procured by India from Russia, designated as 'Sudarshan'? - S-400 Triumf System
• What is India's first indigenously designed and manufactured single-engine delta-wing Light Combat Aircraft (LCA)? - LCA Tejas (manufactured by HAL)
• What fifth-generation stealth fighter jet is currently being designed by DRDO and ADA for the Indian Air Force? - AMCA (Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft)
• What is India's first indigenously designed and built aircraft carrier commissioned into the Indian Navy in September 2022? - INS Vikrant (IAC-1)
• What was India's first indigenously built nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine (SSBN) commissioned under the secret ATV project? - INS Arihant
• What is the second nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine (SSBN) commissioned into the Indian Navy? - INS Arighat
• What class of six diesel-electric attack submarines (Scorpene design) was constructed at Mazagon Dock under Project-75? - Kalvari Class Submarines (INS Kalvari to INS Vagsheer)
• What multi-barrel rocket artillery system developed by DRDO is capable of launching salvos of 12 rockets within 44 seconds? - Pinaka Multi-Barrel Rocket Launcher
• What is the third-generation main battle tank (MBT) indigenously designed by DRDO for the Indian Army? - Arjun MBT (Mark-1A)
• What indigenous Light Combat Helicopter (LCH) manufactured by HAL is capable of high-altitude operations in Siachen? - Prachand
• What indigenous Light Utility Helicopter (LUH) developed by HAL replaces aging Cheetah and Chetak helicopters? - HAL LUH
• What long-endurance autonomous stealth combat unmanned aerial vehicle (UCAV) technology demonstrator was flight-tested by DRDO? - Ghatak (SWiFT - Stealth Wing Flying Testbed)
• What indigenous naval anti-drone electronic warfare system developed by DRDO uses soft-kill jamming and hard-kill lasers? - D-4 Anti-Drone System
• On which historic date did India conduct its first underground nuclear test ('Smiling Buddha') at Pokhran? - May 18, 1974
• On which dates did India conduct its second series of five nuclear tests ('Operation Shakti') at Pokhran? - May 11 and 13, 1998
• What national commemorative day is celebrated annually in India on May 11 to mark the Pokhran-II tests? - National Technology Day
• Who is celebrated as the 'Father of the Indian Nuclear Programme'? - Dr. Homi Jehangir Bhabha
• Where is the premier Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) located? - Trombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra
• Where is the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), dedicated to fast breeder reactors, situated? - Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu
• What was India's first experimental research nuclear reactor commissioned at Trombay in 1956? - Apsara
• What unique domestic three-stage nuclear power programme was formulated to achieve energy independence in India? - Thorium Utilization Programme (PHWR $\to$ FBR $\to$ Thorium-based Advanced Heavy Water Reactors)
• What naturally occurring fertile radioactive mineral abundant in the monazite beach sands of Kerala is utilized in Stage-3 nuclear power? - Thorium-232
• What prototype commercial fast breeder reactor (500 MWe) underwent core loading at Kalpakkam? - PFBR (Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor)
• Where is India's largest operational commercial nuclear power generating station (VVER reactors with Russian collaboration) located? - Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant (Tamil Nadu)
• Where was India's very first commercial atomic power station commissioned in 1969? - Tarapur Atomic Power Station (Maharashtra)
• In which state is the Rawatbhata (RAPS) atomic power station located? - Rajasthan
• In which state is the Narora (NAPS) atomic power station situated? - Uttar Pradesh
• In which state is the Kaiga nuclear generating station situated? - Karnataka
• In which state is the Kakrapar atomic power plant, where indigenous 700 MWe PHWR units were commercialized, situated? - Gujarat
• In which state is the proposed Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project (planned with French EPR technology) located? - Maharashtra
• In which northern state is the Gorakhpur Haryana Anu Vidyut Pariyojana (GHAVP) being constructed? - Haryana (Fatehabad district)
• What heavy water compound is utilized as both a neutron moderator and primary coolant in Indian PHWRs? - Deuterium Oxide ($\text{D}_2\text{O}$)
• What control rod elements are inserted inside nuclear reactors to absorb thermal neutrons and manage fission reaction rates? - Cadmium (Cd) and Boron (B)
• What international nuclear export-control cartel was established in 1974 in response to India's first Pokhran nuclear test? - Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)
• What international civil-military agreement operationalized in 2008 ended India's global nuclear isolation? - Indo-US Civil Nuclear Agreement (123 Agreement)
• What statutory autonomous body oversees the ionizing radiation safety and regulatory licensing of all nuclear facilities in India? - Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB)
• What non-fission clean energy process powers stars by fusing hydrogen isotopes into helium at extreme temperatures? - Nuclear Fusion
• What international magnetic confinement tokamak fusion experiment being constructed in France includes India as a founding partner? - ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor)
• What high-power indigenous laser system developed by RRCAT Indore is utilized for nuclear fusion and defense research? - PICO (Picosecond Terawatt Laser)

3. Artificial Intelligence, Digital Infrastructure and Biotechnology

• What broad domain of computer science deals with building software and algorithms that simulate human cognitive intelligence? - Artificial Intelligence (AI)
• What subset of AI enables algorithms to automatically learn patterns from empirical training datasets without explicit hardcoded rules? - Machine Learning (ML)
• What advanced branch of machine learning uses multilayered artificial neural networks inspired by biological neuronal synapses? - Deep Learning (DL)
• What deep-learning neural network architecture introduced by Google in 2017 forms the foundation of modern Large Language Models? - Transformer Architecture
• What category of AI models can autonomously synthesize original text, photorealistic images, speech, synthetic datasets, and programming code? - Generative AI
• What conversational chatbot platform developed by OpenAI demonstrated widespread generative language capabilities? - ChatGPT
• What multimodal foundation AI model developed by Google processes text, image, audio, video, and code concurrently? - Gemini
• What generative conversational AI assistant was developed and released by Anthropic? - Claude
• What AI system developed by Google DeepMind solved the 50-year-old biological grand challenge of predicting 3D protein structures? - AlphaFold
• What open-source multilingual AI initiative was launched by IIT Bombay and consortium partners to support Indian vernacular languages? - BharatGPT
• What is the name of the AI platform developed by the Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY) for Indian language translation? - Bhashini (National Language Translation Mission)
• What AI-powered multilingual conversational WhatsApp chatbot was launched to provide government welfare scheme information to rural citizens? - Jugalbandi
• What unified national public initiative was launched with an allocation of over ₹10,300 crore to build sovereign computing capacity and AI startups? - IndiaAI Mission
• What is the name of the flagship AI-capable petascale supercomputer installed at C-DAC Pune? - PARAM Siddhi-AI
• What decentralized, cryptographically secured, immutable distributed ledger technology underpins cryptocurrencies? - Blockchain Technology
• What self-executing computerized contracts automatically enforce programmed terms without human intermediary intervention? - Smart Contracts
• What interconnected ecosystem of physical objects embedded with sensors and wireless communication to share data is called? - Internet of Things (IoT)
• What computing paradigm processes, filters, and analyzes sensory data locally at device nodes rather than in centralized cloud data centers? - Edge Computing
• What cellular telecommunication generation utilizes millimeter waves, beamforming, and network slicing to deliver gigabit wireless speeds? - 5G Cellular Network
• What emerging telecommunications standard targets sub-terahertz frequencies, sub-millisecond latency, and integrated sensing? - 6G Technology
• What high-speed optical wireless networking technology transmits data packets using visible light emitted by indoor LED luminaires? - Li-Fi (Light Fidelity)
• What short-range wireless standard enables contactless payments, electronic transit ticketing, and digital access control? - Near Field Communication (NFC)
• What universal 2D matrix barcode format encodes alphanumeric data readable by smartphone optical sensors? - QR Code (Quick Response Code)
• What real-time inter-bank digital payment architecture developed by NPCI transformed electronic retail commerce across India? - Unified Payments Interface (UPI)
• What biometrically authenticated national digital identity framework forms the core foundation of India Stack? - Aadhaar
• What digital locker repository initiative under Digital India allows citizens to store and share digitally signed official documents? - DigiLocker
• What open, interoperable network protocol was launched to unbundle and democratize digital e-commerce and retail transactions in India? - ONDC (Open Network for Digital Commerce)
• What technology overlays computer-generated digital graphics, 3D animations, and metadata onto a user's real-world environment? - Augmented Reality (AR)
• What immersive technology completely replaces real-world vision with a simulated 3D sensory environment using head-mounted displays? - Virtual Reality (VR)
• What manufacturing process constructs physical three-dimensional objects layer upon layer directly from digital CAD geometric models? - 3D Printing (Additive Manufacturing)
• What specialized additive fabrication technology deposits living cell-laden hydrogels (bio-inks) to build artificial tissues? - 3D Bioprinting
• What revolutionary gene-editing technology derived from bacterial antiviral defenses functions as molecular scissors? - CRISPR-Cas9
• Who won the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovering the CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing mechanism? - Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna
• What molecular enzymes act as 'molecular scissors' in recombinant DNA technology to cleave DNA at palindromic sequences? - Restriction Endonucleases
• What molecular enzyme covalently joins two DNA fragments together by forming phosphodiester bonds? - DNA Ligase
• What molecular laboratory technique invented by Kary Mullis in 1983 rapidly synthesizes millions of copies of a specific DNA sequence? - Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
• What high-throughput sequencing platform enables the rapid decoding of entire human genomes within hours? - Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS)
• What artificial messenger RNA technology was deployed to engineer rapid-response vaccines for the COVID-19 pandemic? - mRNA Vaccine Platform
• Who were awarded the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discoveries regarding nucleoside base modifications in mRNA? - Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman
• What was India's first indigenously developed CAR T-cell therapy approved for leukemia and lymphoma treatments? - NexCAR19 (developed by ImmunoACT and IIT Bombay)
• What was the first commercially approved genetically modified (GM) cash crop cultivated in India (2002)? - Bt Cotton
• Which soil bacterium provides the endotoxin gene ($Cry$ genes) to engineer insect resistance into GM crops? - Bacillus thuringiensis
• What transgenic biofortified rice variety is genetically engineered to synthesize beta-carotene to combat Vitamin A deficiency? - Golden Rice
• What genetically modified mustard hybrid was recommended by the GEAC for environmental release in India? - DMH-11 (Dhara Mustard Hybrid-11)
• What statutory autonomous body under the Ministry of Environment regulates the environmental clearance of genetically modified organisms in India? - Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC)
• What biological technology involves transplanting living functional organs or tissues between different species (e.g., genetically modified pig hearts into humans)? - Xenotransplantation
• What non-invasive direct neural interface translates electrical brainwave impulses into external computer actions? - Brain-Computer Interface (BCI)
• What subfield of biotechnology engineers entirely synthetic biological circuits, metabolic pathways, and artificial genomes from scratch? - Synthetic Biology
• What microscopic nanostructured particles engineered at the 1–100 nanometer scale are utilized for targeted oncological drug delivery? - Nanoparticles / Nanomedicine
• What single-atom-thick planar carbon nanomaterial is renowned for electrical conductivity and mechanical tensile strength? - Graphene

4. Everyday Science, Materials and Environmental Awareness

• What chemical compound is domestic baking soda, used as a leavening agent in cooking? - Sodium Bicarbonate ($\text{NaHCO}_3$)
• What gas is released when baking soda reacts with an acid, causing bread dough and cakes to rise? - Carbon Dioxide ($\text{CO}_2$)
• What is the chemical name and formula of washing soda used to remove permanent water hardness? - Sodium Carbonate Decahydrate ($\text{Na}_2\text{CO}_3 \cdot 10\text{H}_2\text{O}$)
• What chemical compound is bleaching powder, utilized for municipal drinking water disinfection? - Calcium Oxychloride ($\text{CaOCl}_2$)
• What is the chemical formula of Plaster of Paris (POP), used in orthopedic casts and architectural moldings? - Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate ($\text{CaSO}_4 \cdot \frac{1}{2}\text{H}_2\text{O}$)
• What mineral substance is heated to 100°C (373 K) to manufacture Plaster of Paris? - Gypsum ($\text{CaSO}_4 \cdot 2\text{H}_2\text{O}$)
• What is the chemical name and formula of quicklime, used in construction mortar and chemical neutralization? - Calcium Oxide ($\text{CaO}$)
• What alkaline compound is formed when quicklime reacts exothermically with water (slaked lime)? - Calcium Hydroxide ($\text{Ca(OH)}_2$)
• What chemical compound is known as Laughing Gas and used as a mild dental anesthetic? - Nitrous Oxide ($\text{N}_2\text{O}$)
• What chemical compound is deployed for crowd control as riot-control Tear Gas? - Chloroacetophenone / CS Gas
• What commercial alkaline compound is caustic soda, used in soap making and drain cleaning? - Sodium Hydroxide ($\text{NaOH}$)
• What chemical compound is Blue Vitriol, used in agricultural fungicides and electroplating? - Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate ($\text{CuSO}_4 \cdot 5\text{H}_2\text{O}$)
• What chemical compound is Epsom Salt, used as a soothing bath salt and osmotic laxative? - Magnesium Sulfate Heptahydrate ($\text{MgSO}_4 \cdot 7\text{H}_2\text{O}$)
• What chemical compound is potash alum (Fitkari), used to clarify muddy water and as an astringent? - Potassium Aluminum Sulfate ($\text{KAl(SO}_4)_2 \cdot 12\text{H}_2\text{O}$)
• How does alum clarify turbid muddy water? - By coagulating and precipitating suspended colloidal clay particles
• What chemical compound is marked on voters' fingers during elections to prevent duplicate voting? - Silver Nitrate ($\text{AgNO}_3$)
• What chemical compound is sprayed into atmospheric clouds during cloud seeding to induce artificial rainfall? - Silver Iodide ($\text{AgI}$)
• What light-sensitive chemical compound was historically coated onto black-and-white photographic film? - Silver Bromide ($\text{AgBr}$)
• What chemical substance is dry ice, used as a cooling refrigerant that sublimes directly into gas? - Solid Carbon Dioxide ($\text{CO}_2$)
• What volatile chemical compound is present in household mothballs that deters fabric pests? - Naphthalene / Paradichlorobenzene
• What chemical paste coats the friction striking surface on the sides of safety matchboxes? - Red Phosphorus (with powdered glass)
• What combustible chemical compound forms the ignitable head of safety matchsticks? - Potassium Chlorate (with Antimony Trisulfide)
• What non-stick fluoropolymer coating on cooking cookware is known by the trade name Teflon? - Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
• What thermosetting plastic polymer is used to fabricate heat-resistant electrical switches and cookware handles? - Bakelite
• What polymer is universally used to fabricate domestic plumbing drainage and conduit pipes (PVC)? - Polyvinyl Chloride
• What industrial catalytic process converts unsaturated liquid vegetable oils into solid saturated vanaspati ghee? - Hydrogenation (using Nickel catalyst)
• What sulfur compound is blended into commercial odorless LPG cylinders to provide a warning leak smell? - Ethyl Mercaptan ($\text{C}_2\text{H}_5\text{SH}$)
• What is the primary combustible hydrocarbon gas in Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) and Biogas? - Methane ($\text{CH}_4$)
• What two hydrocarbon gases constitute domestic Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)? - Butane and Propane
• What sacrificial metal is coated onto iron or steel sheets during galvanization to prevent rust? - Zinc (Zn)
• What chemical formula represents the reddish-brown flake known as iron rust? - Hydrated Ferric Oxide ($\text{Fe}_2\text{O}_3 \cdot x\text{H}_2\text{O}$)
• What organic acid gives commercial vinegar its sour flavor and antimicrobial properties? - Acetic Acid ($\text{CH}_3\text{COOH}$)
• What organic acid is naturally present in sour curd, buttermilk, and fermented dairy? - Lactic Acid
• What organic acid is abundant in citrus fruits like lemons, limes, and oranges? - Citric Acid
• What organic acid is present in tamarind pulp, unripened mangoes, and tartar baking powder? - Tartaric Acid
• What organic acid causes the sharp burning pain and swelling of red ant bites and bee stings? - Formic Acid / Methanoic Acid ($\text{HCOOH}$)
• What household basic compound neutralizes the acidic sting of an ant bite? - Baking Soda paste or Calamine Lotion (Zinc Carbonate)
• What antacid suspension of magnesium hydroxide neutralizes excess stomach gastric acid? - Milk of Magnesia ($\text{Mg(OH)}_2$)
• What volatile sulfur compound released upon slicing raw onions induces tearing in human eyes? - Syn-Propanethial-S-oxide
• What active organosulfur compound produced when fresh garlic is crushed possesses antibacterial properties? - Allicin
• What active yellow polyphenolic compound present in turmeric exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties? - Curcumin
• What pungent chemical compound responsible for the heat of chili peppers is measured on the Scoville scale? - Capsaicin
• What red carotenoid antioxidant pigment gives ripe tomatoes and watermelons their deep red hue? - Lycopene
• What commercial sodium salt of glutamic acid enhances the savory 'Umami' flavor in food? - Monosodium Glutamate (MSG / Ajinomoto)
• What artificial intense sweetener is a heat-stable chlorinated sucrose derivative roughly 600 times sweeter than sugar? - Sucralose
• What natural non-caloric high-potency glycoside sweetener is extracted from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana? - Stevioside / Rebaudioside (Stevia)
• What bacterial starter culture ferments milk lactose into lactic acid to produce thick yogurt and curd? - Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus
• What single-celled budding yeast leavens bread dough and brews beer via ethanol fermentation? - Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Baker’s / Brewer’s Yeast)
• What gas produced during anaerobic yeast fermentation becomes trapped inside bread dough, making it light and spongy? - Carbon Dioxide ($\text{CO}_2$)
• What plant hormone is applied commercially as an agricultural spray to trigger the rapid ripening of green bananas and tomatoes? - Ethylene Gas